ENERPAC - Bolting Tools Página 124
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Torque Tightening What is Torque? Torque Tightening It is a measure of how much force acting on an object which causes that object to rotate. Turning movement What is Torque Tightening? The application of preload to a fastener by the turning of the fastener’s nut. Force Stretch of Fastener (Pre-load) Torque Tightening and Preload The amount of preload created when torqueing is largely dependant on the effects of friction. Principally there are three different “torque components”: • torque to stretch the bolt • torque to overcome the friction in bolt and nut threads • torque to overcome friction at the nut spot face (bearing contact surface). Preload (residual load) = Applied Torque minus Frictional Losses Lubrication Reduces Friction Friction points should always be lubricated when using the torque tightening method. Lubrication reduces the friction during tightening, decreases bolt failure during installation and increases bolt service life. Variation in friction coefficients affect the amount of preload achieved at a specified torque. Higher friction results in less conversion of torque to preload. The value for the friction coefficient provided by the lubricant manufacturer must be known to accurately establish the required torque value. Residual Bolt Load (tons) ▸ Lubrication Reduces Friction 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Frictional Losses 10% converted to preload 40% in threads 50% at nut face Frictional Losses (dry steel bolt) Lubricant or anti-seizure compounds should be applied to both the nut bearing surface and the male threads. 0 20 40 60 80 100 Torque (ft.lbs) ▸ 120 (Applied load) Lubricated with Moly grease (µ = 0.1) Light oil (µ = 0.15) Dry unlubricated (µ = 0.2) Example of how a lubricant can reduce the effect of friction and convert more torque to bolt preload. 122 www.enerpac.com
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