fischer fixing-systems main-catalogue Strana 653
Nabídka komerčních zákazníků **Nejlépe prodávané z Fischer
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Basic knowledge of fastening technology Loads. When selecting an anchor, it is necessary to know the load on the total construction and the resulting action forces. Action forces can differ based on: Load directions Dimension · Direction · Type of load · Point of application · There are various types of loads: Approvals generally give characteristic resistance. In the manufacturer’s guidelines, “permissible loads” are specified for products with approvals. For anchors without an approval, “recommended loads” are given by the manufacturer. · Determine the size, direction and point of application of the load. These parameters determine which anchor should be used. · Characteristic resistance (NRK or VRK ) describes the 5 % fractile of resistance. (Value with a 95 % probability of being exceeded, with a confidence level of 90 %). · Permissible loads are working loads that already include an appropriate safety factor. These only apply if the approval conditions are complied with (Nperm or Vperm). · Recommended loads or maximum working loads include an adequate safety factor. These only apply if the manufacturer’s specifications are complied with (Frec – valid for all load directions, Nrec - for compressive or tensile load or Vrec for shear load). · The calculation is carried out by dividing the respective failure load or characteristic loads by a safety factor. · Recommended safety factors compared to the average failure load: Steel and bonded anchors γ ≥ 4 Plastic anchors γ≥7 Hammerfix anchors N γ≥4 · Recommended safety factors compared to the characteristic failure loads: Steel and bonded anchors γ ≥ 3 Plastic anchors γ≥5 For deviations to the regulation, see load tables. For certain products, the safety factors may deviate. In general, the global safety factor is calculated using the scatter of the faillure load, the failure probability and the reliability index of a product. · The specified loads apply to individual anchors that are installed away from the edge, i. e. there is no influence from edges or other anchors. · The characteristic spacing and edge distances, marked with ccr,N and ccr,V, give the distances at which an anchor achieves its max. characteristic load. · The specified minimum spacing and edge distance, marked with smin and cmin, indicates the distance at which no failure of the building material will occur when installing the anchor (cracks). These distances are mandatory and must be complied with. The characteristic spacing and edge distances may be shorter but not less than the minimum values but at the same time the load bearing capacity must N N Tensile load Compression load e N N R V Mb R V Oblique load (tension and Oblique load at distance e (Bend + tension + shear shear load) load) Types of loads Force Force 1,2 1 1 0,8 0,5 16 0,6 0 0,4 -0,5 0,2 -1 0 0 10 20 30 40 60 Years 50 -1,5 0,001 statically dormant Years dynamically rising Force Force 1,2 4 1 3 2 0,8 1 0,6 0 0,4 -1 0,2 -2 -3 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 s shock 18 Secon -4 0 1 2 3 4 5 Minutes seismic be reduced. When combined loads occur, loads are determined separately for tensile and shear load and the overall utilization is determined by means of an interaction equation. As a rule, the sum of the ratio values of the applied load divided by the resistance from tensile and shear loads is less than or equal to one point two. 653
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